What are Induction, Deduction, Extraction, and Analogy?

We all have a more or less truthful answer to the question of what is logic, which we can define as a kind of discipline of thought. Reasoning is the basis of logic. Whether it is a mystery hidden behind closed doors or a reality that is lived in front of our eyes; We reason to grasp what it is, and we involuntarily do so using some method of reasoning.

Reasoning concepts such as deduction, induction, analogy, and extraversion are the names given to reasoning methods. When we just read about these concepts, many people may not be able to fully visualize what they are. But be sure, each of these are methods that we all use consciously or unconsciously in our daily life. Let’s examine the concepts of reasoning such as deduction, induction, analogy and extraversion in all details.

First, what is reasoning actually?

Logic is a kind of discipline of thought. One of the most important concepts forming the basis of this discipline is reasoning. Reasoning in its most basic definition; is to reach the unknown, that is, new information, by thinking about the known information about a certain situation within the framework of the rules. Reasoning; It is also known as reasoning and reasoning.

Reasoning concepts: What are reasoning methods?

What is my deduction?

Deduction, also called deduction, is one of the reasoning methods that classical logic uses most. It is a method of reaching the unknown, that is, new information, through existing information or events. By thinking about general information, new ideas and thoughts about private are produced.

Deductive examples:

• All cars have four wheels, the Bugatti Chiron is a car; So the Bugatti Chiron has four wheels.
• All fish live in the sea, anchovy is a fish; so anchovies live in the sea.
• All athletes train, Ahmet is an athlete; So Ahmet trains.
• All men are mortal, Socrates is a man; So Socrates is mortal.

What is induction?

Induction, also called induction, is one of the reasoning methods used to reach the unknown, that is, new information, through existing information or events. Unlike the deductive method, in the inductive method, general information is reached through specific information. Therefore, the results are inconclusive. It is possible to reach correct results by thinking with the inductive method on the observed information, but it is possible to experience contradictions because there is unobserved information.

Examples of induction:

• Sparrow, pigeon and crow fly. The sparrow, the dove, and the crow are birds. So birds fly.
• Babies cannot walk. Ahmet is a baby. So Ahmet can’t walk.
• Bead is a black cat. Bead fish eat. So all black cats eat fish.
• Days last 24 hours. Tuesday is a day. So Tuesday is 24 hours.

As we can see from the inductive examples, even if some inferences made from the observed information are correct, it is not always possible to reach a general conclusion from a specific information such as that all black cats eat fish. For this reason, the results obtained by the inductive method are not precise and the information obtained is not reliable.

What is gravitation?

Extraversion, also called abduction, is one of the reasoning methods to be used in difficult times. Like other reasoning methods, it is used to reach the unknown, that is, new information, through existing information or events, but unlike the others, in cases where the externalization method is applied, the information available is often incomplete or insufficient. For this reason, it is possible to say that it is the method of reaching the best explanation for the extraction method.

Examples of outgrowth:

As with other reasoning methods, it is not possible to give examples of extraversion in precise sentences, so it would be best to explain them through events. In the period when the medical world was not as developed as it is today, physicians were thinking about the information shared by the patient and obtained during the examination and trying to find the most accurate disease corresponding to this information.

The most obvious example of the method of extraversion is judges. In a court of law, both parties plead not guilty by presenting witnesses and evidence that they claim to be highly reliable. The judge finds as much information on the event as he can find, thinks with the method of extroversion and tries to reach the most accurate result.

According to the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, the method of gravity forms the basis of science. Scientists go one step further by making inferences based on the information they often lack. Because in order to move forward, some things must be accepted as true. Improvements are made using this method. In fact, as a result of accepting a wrong as right, a completely different truth can be reached. In other words, it is really possible to say that the extraction method is the basis of science.

What is analogy?

Analogy; It is one of the reasoning methods in which all reasoning methods such as deduction, induction and expulsion can be used together from time to time. Like other reasoning methods, it is used to reach the unknown, that is, new information, through existing information or events, but unlike the others, the focus is on the similarity between two things. It focuses not on the general, but on the similarities between the two.

Examples of analogies:

The analogy reasoning method is often applied by scientists working in an area full of unknowns such as space. For example, on Earth there is atmosphere and there is living life. Mars has an atmosphere. So there is living life on Mars too. With this kind of reasoning, some presuppositions are applied and examinations are made in this way. The aim is not to reach a definite conclusion, but only to consider the possibilities.

We also see examples of analogies in daily life. For example, when we say Aslan Ahmet or a woman like an angel, we are talking about how similar the features between the lion and Ahmet and the angel and that woman are. For example, you saw a fruit while walking in the forest and thought it looked like a fruit you had seen before. Since you know that the fruit you have seen before is harmless, you eat it with the assumption that the fruit you have just seen is also harmless. It is possible to multiply such examples.

We answered the question of what are the concepts of reasoning such as deduction, induction, extraversion and analogy that help us to solve the unknown based on the limited information we have, and shared examples where you can better understand these methods. You can share your thoughts on the subject in the comments.